Under the interdisciplinary research work, a group of young scientists in the school of basic sciences, IIT Mandi, started to synthesize organic compound based fluorogenic sensor for real biological application as well as for fluorescence sensor. However, it is always difficult to perform any kind of experimental research work without any infrastructure or basic instrumental facilities. IIT Mandi, the youngest IIT of the IIT family in India started its academic activity almost two years back from now in its transit campus. Being a new Institute everything was started from scratch, specially building a synthesis or characterization lab for performing regular day to day experiment was very hard task. In the presentation, we show how, we have got success in building the synthesis and characterization lab (with the help of other faculty members) and in publishing our first experimental paper.

Some species of insects such as ants, bees and wasps organize themsleves into colonies with social organization and integration, division of labour and caste systems that parallel if not better human societies. The rules governing the workings of such insect societies are of obvious interest to us. I and my students have spent many years studying and understanding the workings of one such tropical wasp society. Our motivation for studying these insect societies is similar to that of an anthropologist studying other human societies - the goal is not to imitate them or to justify our own behaviour but instead to reflect on how we conduct our affairs. One of our most interesting findings is that these wasps are extremely aggressive to, and highly intolerant of, other members of their species which do not belong to their colonies. However, the wasps are highly tolerant of each other and display almost no aggression to colony members even when there is considerable conflict. In this talk I will describe and contrast such “war” towards foreigners and “peace” with insiders and also illustrate our research methodology that permits an understanding of these insect societies.

India needs to reinvent its systems of education, e-governance and management of the development programs that are funded with large allocations running into 100s of thousands of crores under its 5 year Plan. The Govt. of India has announced its 12th Plan vision to be 'Faster, Sustainable and more Inclusive Development'. This vision calls for very fundamental changes in the ways we leverage ICT and bring about structural and management changes in their implementation and management of development.

We propose here an execution approach using ICT to five areas of fundamental importance to the development of the country. Respectively they are *H*ealthcare, *E*ducation, *A*griculture, *R*ural Development and *T*ourism & Culture. Together we call them as '*HEART*' areas. All the HEART areas are rich in potential applications of ICT in ways that actually serve the 12th Plan Vision of faster, sustainable and inclusive development. We make a few premises and significant structural innovations to serve the developments of the HEART areas. First is to bring the education system and ICT as key enablers. The isolation of our universities and colleges from the needs of development must stop. Second is that there are a number of IT applications and services that need to be developed and deployed in the 'HEART' areas. We show how we develop a unified IT enabling framework for speedy development with low cost and robust deployment and services. We call it the 'Vedyadhara Community (Knowledge) Enterprise Framework, or, VCEF. Such a unified total ICT framework will enable speedy deployment of ICT enabled services for the HEART areas and the e-governance related to it.

We further propose that to execute this development reaching every district across the country, we launch a Smart District Action Program driven by an appropriate consortium of Academia, Government, Industry, local civic and voluntary organizations including NGOs and representatives of the target community.

We expect that this approach will launch large numbers of 'Community Knowledge Enterprises in every district. This will result in realizing the vision of 'faster, sustainable and inclusive development' as stated in the 12th Plan approach paper.

The talk will address various issues power quality issues in power distribution network and their possible solutions. Application Custom Power Devices are potential solutions to address power quality issues in power network. These devices and their applications will be discussed in the talk. Some control and design issues will also be highlighted.

Many people perceive Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) as the field meant for legal experts, i.e. IPR Attorneys. However, there is a lot more in IPRs for the S&T community. Researchers need to know several aspects of IPRs, particularly the patents, even before deciding to initiate a research project or finalizing the Ph.D. topic. But not many people are aware of such importance of IPRs. The lecture by Prof. Sudhir K. Jain will provide a basic introduction to different IPRs and their importance for the faculty and students of a technology institute like I.I.T. Mandi.

This talk is based on an effort on documenting the rapidly vanishing culture—social structure, language, music and dance—of ilaqa Kotgarh, a small area located 80 km North of Shimla, on the old Hindustan-Tibet mule track through Shipki pass into Tibet. Since the early 1800s, this area was under British administration and was surrounded by small princely states.

The language spoken in this area, generically referred to as pahari, has a very rich phonology. In addition to almost all the consonants and vowels of Sanskrit, it has vowels and aspirated nasals not present in any of the larger India language groups descended from Sanskrit.

By using audio and video clips, this talk will describe the centuries-old, rich music and dance traditions of this area. Pahari culture has three highly developed genres of folk music: geet, or songs, set to a four-beat rhythm; laane, a chant form in which women accompany various marriage functions; and laman, a free-form poetic recitation of thoughts—about sorrow, life and death, and romance—set to several haunting melodies. While working in forests, people would spontaneously sing lamans, which would elicit “replies” in fitting lamans.

Rhythm is a critical part of pahari culture—whether for propitiating the devtas (local gods), welcoming guests to social functions such as marriages, providing the beats for walking, and, of course, dance. The main dance form is the nati, in which large groups of people dance around a circular path to a four-beat rhythm.

The uneven tessellation of each beat in the nati rhythm makes it sound unlike any four-beat rhythm. It is generated by a collection of instruments called a baja, which typically consists of two large base drums called dhols, a higher frequency half drum called a nagara, and a metal plate, called a bhana which produces a high-frequency metallic sound. Besides these percussion instruments, the baja also has three pairs of horns: the karnal, a flared lower-frequency horn; the kaori, a bulbous, higher frequency horn; and the harnshinga, an S-shaped high-frequency horn. When played in the hills, these horns produce haunting, echoing sounds. The baja can be accompanied by a sarnai (a shehnai) that plays the song melody.

Besides the nati, which is played in several slow to fast beat forms, the baja is used to play different orchestrated forms: one to welcome guests, a second to accompany people walking uphill, a third for downhill walks, another for level walks, and so on. Traditionally, the baja was played by the local Harijans, whose younger generation want nothing to do with this activity because of the associated stigma. Unless efforts are made to change this perception—perhaps, by teaching pahari music in local schools—this sophisticated music form will become extinct.

The last quarter century has seen significant developments in both communications and computers, resulting today in ubiquitous communication as well as computing, primarily due to exploitation of radio channels. Telecommunications’ primary traffic of voice of yesteryears is today dominated by data; internet has pervaded all walks of our life. We present, through this expository seminar, a glimpse of some of the facets of this scenario particularly on the convergence of communications and computers through examples of mobile communication and WiMax.

We touch upon various issues in mobile communication and the two prominent standards: GSM and CDMA. We also introduce wireless LAN as well as broadband networking scenario. A possible roadmap for future development is also presented.

In today's jet age people feel they have everything to enjoy and have achieved financial success. But still are they happy really? Are they satisfied? Each person despite their achievements feels they miss something and do not know how to get Happiness and peace of mind. For that fortunately our country offers many solutions for distressing and to clam the agitated mind like doing Yoga, Meditation ,Chanting Manthras , alternate therapies etc. Everyone knows they are good. Without understanding how they work on us, each person tries one method for some time and feel something else may be better and jumps and their chase never ends. My talk will explain how they all work on you and each method is effective and you are at the liberty to choose the method you feel is most suitable for you. For that one should understand that just as the physical body we have an "ENERGYBODY "as well. We take care of our physical body very well and most of us neglect our Energy body because of unawareness of its existence. Than I am going to explain what is PRANA or the Life force in us and how it looks after our Energy body easy ways to maintain and increase the energy level in the body. Some of the topics covered during the talk will be . Chakaras and their function . How we get sick . Why Positive thinking is necessary . How the alternate therapies help . Yoga . Meditation. . Manthra chanting. . Acu pressure.

Human Factors (a.k.a. Ergonomics) is the applied discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system – any system. Human Factors (HF) engineers contribute to the design and evaluation of tasks, tools, displays, jobs, products, procedures, environments, and systems in general, in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitations of users – with the ultimate aim of optimising human well-being and overall system performance. Central to applying HF principles to system design is the ability to model human limitations and capabilities. In terms of physical functioning, such factors include models of body size, sensory transduction, physiological functioning, physical workload and biomechanics. In relation to knowledge based work, models endeavour to capture essential elements of how humans process information, ranging from models of perception, attention, memory and control, to higher order models of planning, decision making and problem solving. In addition to introducing the HF field, the talk will provide examples of how taking human factors into account – or all too often the failure to do so - can affect system performance at many levels.

Today Indian population has touched an all time high figure of 1.21 billion, with 74% literacy rate. Baring children, major chunk of the population comprises of the students, professionals, farmers, housewives and other citizens and many members of these segments possess creativity and innovative minds. Given the opportunity these entrepreneurial minds can knock on doors for the fast growth prospective of the country.

At present innovation scene amongst students in the country as a whole need attention and guidance. Talent and creativeness exist, but there has been a dearth of innovations from this section of youth, many of whom begin their innovative activities later after graduation. There are the citizens at large who possess creativity but are not easily visible. They lack funds and resources which would enable them to be visible and carry their innovations to the market. Technology institutions of national pride viz. IITs and many others here have a vital role to play by extending technical support to tap the innovations. Funding from the government to several R&D organizations was mostly towards research and many enterprising individuals carried the fruits of their innovative research forward. But the common man lacked such luxury!

In order to foster entrepreneurship from the independent innovators, an open innovation network Technopreneur Promotion Programme (TePP) was conceived a decade ago by DSIR, Govt. of India, which would interest anyone with “a big idea”. TePP provides grants, technical guidance and mentoring support to independent innovators to become technology-based entrepreneurs i.e. technopreneurs. All Indians with diverse backgrounds – engineers, scientists, artisans, housewives, students and even farmers have been covered. TePP supports innovators right up to the point of starting a new venture. Many individuals and startups have utilized TePP funds to patent their innovations and also for customer and market validation. There are numerous checks and balances by TePP committees which closely monitor the activities of the innovator. TePP funds are available for all disciplines (excepting software development) with the condition that what emerges ought to be a product or process. Attempts are being made to cast the net wider capturing products in bio-tech, medicine and surgery and so on.

There is a need for premier institutions in the state viz. IHBT, IIT, NIT, State Science Council and others to join hands in extending all kind of inherent technological support to the people of the state for nourishing and nurturing their creativity and innovations, as a token of their local relevance for making a technological dent in this region of the country.

Our genome has only 3% coding regions and remaining are supposed to be repetitive and non-coding regions. Protein centric research in past, caused negligence towards understanding these non-coding regions, who, in the present era, have suddenly emerged as the king maker of genome. This has also shattered a long carried myth considering them as the junk elements of genome. MiRNAs are among such non-coding elements, who have emerged as one of most critical regulators of cell system, mianly binding to the mRNAs and blocking protein synthesis. They have been identified critical for stage and time specific control of gene expression, who could be controlling more than 30% of our genes. In contrast to their impact, their size is only 21 bp, which poses great challenge to understand the exact way it targets the genes in highly specific and contextual manners. Similarly, the process of miRNA formation and identification poses great challenges. The present talk will introduce the audience about miRNAs, their life cycle, strategies developed by our lab to identify miRNA targets and plant miRNAs as well as our foray into almost untouched area of regulatory epicentre associated biogenesis of microRNAs.

This talk will discuss the nature of ion-atom collisions and the techniques used to study the effects of these collisions with free atoms, and with atoms/molecules in a solid. From here we will look into applications of the knowledge derived from collision studies to material science, semiconductor industry, medicine, geology and astrophysics.

The pursuit of physical sciences has traditionally been viewed as "inward bound" - to resolve a problem down to its bare minimum and work upwards. It is only in the last fifty years one has realized that there is a large number of phenomena that emerge 'out of many', that cannot be worked down up and have no counterpart in 'few'. Such cooperative phenomena appear in condensed matter physics quite regularly. For example, the standard text book picture of independent electrons in solids breaks down in the face of a stream of emergent cooperative properties, driven primarily by interaction. Discoveries like Kondo effect, superfluidity, heavy fermions, quantum hall effect, high Tc superconductivity, colossal megnetoresistance, quantum critical phenomena and so on, under active pursuit for the last four decades, demonstrate the fundamental inadequacy of the single-particle picture. Electrons at the borderline of wave and particle, the correlated electrons, manifest this duality in a large number of exotic phenomena that call for dramatically new approaches and a sharp departure from the conventional few body dynamics. Some of these phenomena, the mechanisms behind their workings as well as a new technique to study them will be outlined.

Dr.Panja shall talk about a dedicated team of doctors who have set up and are running Jan Swasthya Sahyog in Bilaspur in order to provide healthcare to the poorest of the poor. In the process they have evolved ingenious means of providing cheap, effective and compassionate healthcare and have worked indirectly to alleviate the burden of caste and gender for the Oraon, Baiga and Gond tribes of Chhattisgarh. The work of JSS relates not to health alone. It includes the imparting of medical education, the providing of childcare and even the imparting of innovative agricultural methods that will increase the production of rice. Above all, their work highlights the fact that heathcare is a political issue and one that we cannot ignore.

The areas around Mandi town and along the road from Mandi to Kamand where the new IIT Campus will come up, has a very diverse vegetaion. Over 200 species of plants grow in this area. The plants include some very useful plants like Aakhe, Kaphal, Daru, Fegra, Kainth, Sahyaru etc. which bear tasty fruits. These are fondly eaten by local people. Some of these fruits are also sold at Mandi market. Besides providing delicious fruits full of useful nutrients, many of these plants have other uses too.

Besides fruits, there are a some very useful plants like Lingad, Taradi, Lingadu, Barwah, Fegri, Chhoochh which are edible and used as a vegetable. These are also sold in the local market during the season and many of these are considered to be seasonal delicacies.

An attempt will be made to familiarize the students as well as faculty members, many of whom are from other states and therefore not familiar with local flora, with these plants so that they are also able to make use of these wild growing fruits and edible plants.

Huge strides have been made in our understanding of atoms over the past few years, both theoretically and experimentally. In this talk, I will give some perspective on what’s happening with selected examples including experiments using free-electron lasers and studies of atoms confined in fullerenes. An attempt will be made to relate the phenomenally found to basic quantum mechanics.

The Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) of our country is mandated to develop self reliance in critical defence technologies through state of the art weapon systems for improving combat effectiveness of the fighting forces. The operational needs of the Indian Defence Forces have forced them to work not only under the extreme cold and hypoxic environment of Himalayan terrain but also in the hot deserts of Rajasthan. They also have to work under hyperbaric environment of a submarine and in the cramped and noisy environment of battle tank or cokpit of an aircraft. In eastern parts of the country they have to negotiate with a variety of vectors, leaches and blood sucking insects which can prove to be quite lethal to the health and efficiency of the soldiers. They are engaged not only in high intensity warfare activities but also in low intensity conflicts which invariably is associated with combat stress leading to marked decline in physical and mental performance of the soldier. Inspite of best of the weapon technologies available to the soldier, the man behind the machine remains the most important and ultimate weapon and needs utmost care and attention to maintain his fighting efficiency. The mission of Life Sciences labs of DRDO has been to enhance ability of the soldier for his survivability and sustainability and equip him with lethality or will power to win the war. The canvas of activities of these labs include not only selection of quality manpower but also develop technologies to provide them nutritional food, protective equipment and clothing, protection against chemical, biological and radiation exposure and provide ergonomic inputs for human engineering and man machine interface. These technologies besides improving operational efficiency of the soldiers also have spin off benefits to the society at large.

Today virtually all engineering design models rely upon modeling and visualization as essential components. CEA, CAD and CAM have completely transformed these fields. At the same time the Virtual Reality tools are beginning to transform a whole range of human endeavors and activities. These include visualization, scene immersion, surveillance, film making, computational chemistry and a number of other disciplines. Before long it will be difficult to imagine any field of human activity that has not been penetrated by VR. This is likely to lead to a complete transformation of the practice of science and engineering. Of particular interest here are the modeling and visualization tools that are beginning to transform the art and practice of CFD. These include CFD applications in engineering design, environmental sciences, health physics, bio-engineering and a number of other fields. From the CFD point of view, Virtual Reality involves “simulating” an empirical system with (1) a set of algorithms – CFD models – to represent the behavior of the fluid, (2) a computing system and (3) virtual reality tools that can offer a visualization of the simulated reality that is superposed on the real system to mimic the behavior of the system. The merger of CFD with Virtual Reality Tools is beginning is create very powerful design and analysis tools for engineers and scientists. For example, simulation tools now exist to predict what will happen to our environment under a variety of future scenarios. Before long, it will be practically impossible to form any national, regional or global policy without extensive use of these environmental models and virtual reality tools. This talk will concentrate the applications that involve the simulation of the behavior of real systems by a combined use of CFD tools and virtual reality visualization tools.

Industry has worked hard to eliminate human error, yet errors still occur, often with disastrous results. This is even more upsetting considering the fact that nobody wants to make a mistake. So why do smart people do dumb things? It is because there are traps of human nature that are leading to the human factor incidents, accidents, and failures. Traditional quality and safety programs usually don't address these basic issues. Even worse, the typical organizational culture often strengthens these traps in a misguided attempt to reduce errors.

This presentation will:

• Identify the traps of human nature leading to incidents, accidents and failures.
• Provide examples of how those traps work.
• Provide practical tools to avoid or deal with those traps.
• Report the results of error prevention training with corporations such as Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Honeywell, and Motorola.
• Identify safety initiatives that actually lead to more incidents and accidents.
• Identify cultural issues that are contributing to the problem.
• Stress the importance of stories in reducing incidents and accidents.
• Examine the relationship between safety and quality and how they can enhance overall effectiveness.

There have been remarkable advances in the area of cold atoms in the past three decades. Starting with the observation of laser cooled ions at 40 K in 1978 to the production of atomic Bose-Einstein condensates at temperatures of nano Kelvin in the laboratory in 1995, this field has clearly undergone a revolution. The Physics Nobel Prizes of 1997 and 2001 are testaments to some of these outstanding achievements. It has become evident in the past few years that cold atoms at nano Kelvin temperatures can exist in forms other than Bose-Einstein condensates. There are currently worldwide attempts to observe various phases that have been predicted or are still being predicted for these atoms. Optical lattices formed by the interference of counter propagating laser beams are ideal for observing these phases and transitions between them. The talk will cover the general aspects of quantum phase transitions in ultracold bosonic atoms in a periodic lattice and then focus on a few specific cases in one dimensional optical lattices. The different phases that are possible in a single species of these atoms including the elusive supersolid phase will be discussed. The intriguing physics that underlies the phases of a mixture containing two different species of ultracold bosonic atoms will be presented. The possibility of spatial phase separation in such a mixture will be highlighted. Finally, I shall touch upon some new directions in this evolving field involving matter at very low temperatures.

The talk would be around current focus on Information/cyber security and Cryptographic solutions. What academics can take up to augment Defence/Govt capabilities in preparedness of the country for protection against threats. Future possibility of sponsored/joint research with IIT Mandi.

Especially, in the context of innovative applications often neither domain experts nor software engineers have a good understanding of how to embed the software into the use context prior to its development. In such contexts software development needs to be organised as a mutual learning process between domain experts and software engineers which allows for aligning the design of the computer application and the work (and use) practices. Participatory design provides techniques and tools facilitating cooperation between users and developers. Evolutionary process models like the STEPS model by Floyd et al. e.g. provide a frame for such learning processes. Especially object-oriented technologies allow for cooperation between software engineers and to-be users based on paper based as well as on high fidelity prototypes. Floyd's STEPS model needs to be regarded as an 'untimely invention' solving problems others did not yet recognise. The emphasis of the software engineering mainstream on controlling lead-time by controlling requirements lead to a confinement of participatory design to what in software engineering is considered a pre-study. However, own empirical research shows that industrial practice often implements central elements of participatory design together with evolutionary development. The discussion of agile development in related professional and scientific publications let practitioners become more assertive about their practices. The talk starts with outlining the history of the participatory design and evolutionary software development. It then presents own empirical research on the topic together with Swedish and Danish companies. The final part will present and discuss experiences appropriating relevant techniques, tools, and processes in mobile application development for rural India together with the Rural Technology and Business Incubator of the IIT Madras.

Creation and fleeting existence of order are of philosophical significance and practical utility. However, creation and existence of order within disorder had appeared to work against the Entropy Principle, which led to several misconceptions. This paper first elaborates on the thermodynamic concepts of irreversibility, entropy and its transfer and generation, order and disorder; which paves the way further for the understanding of creation and fleeting co-existence of order in disorder. Thereafter, nine succinct directives for order creation, existence, and total destruction are articulated. These directives are conceptually established from the broken symmetry in the inter-convertibility of order and disorder, stated by the Entropy Principle and the Law of Maximum Entropy Production. Since thermodynamic principles are universally valid and applicable, these directives form the basic guiding principles for order creation, stable or unstable existence, and total destruction, at all scales in nature. A representative mathematical model of order within disorder portrays these directives and defines the sustainability criterion for order existence. Since order can be stable only in chaotic systems, some of these directives have a probabilistic tone.

In this talk speaker will speak about the need and challenges of deploying multi-megawatt scale Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) installations. Further, he will discuss the issue of intermittency, and intermittency mitigation, and introduce the concept of “grid-dependent” and “grid-independent” systems. Finally, he will speak about the unique attributes of Northern HP and Ladakh for large scale grid-dependent SPV deployment.

Richard Feynman chose the atomic hypothesis to be the most important single statement to be passed on to posterity if only one sentence would outlive a catastrophe in which all else would perish. This well-known hypothesis, proposed by John Dalton in 1808, is that all matter consists of tiny, indivisible particles, called atoms. Two hundred years have elapsed since Dalton’s publication of ‘A New System of Chemical Philosophy’. During this period, developments in atomic physics have interlaced intimately those in quantum theory. We shall reflect on some of these exciting developments. They provide insights in the fundamental laws of nature, and have produced modern gadgets that have pushed the very frontiers of technology. Evolution of atomic science over two hundred years is an exciting task, even if only a very few of its select fragments can be scarcely touched upon. This tale will attempt just that.

Fermi acceleration model consists of a particle moving inside a closed region with the walls oscillating periodically. Fermi acceleration is widely used to model diverse phenomenon like heating of charged particles in capacitive RF discharges, origin of cosmic rays and nuclear fission. In 1949, Fermi conjectured that a 1D Fermi accelerator will lead to unbounded growth of energy. Though this conjecture was disproved in 1983 by Pustyl’nikov, unbounded growth of energy was found in a chaotic 2D model by Loskutov et. al.. However, we have shown that for unbounded growth of energy in a 2D Fermi accelerator, the closed region has to be non-integrable but does not have to be chaotic. We also found a Fermi accelerator with robust exponential growth of energy, whereas all earlier accelerators had only quadratic energy growth. This is important for applications since lower than exponential energy growth can be overcome by dissipation.

Document generation and distribution is integral to the operations of many companies focusing on rural India, such as rural Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). BPOs distribute tasks across agents in rural service delivery centres in several locations. In the absence of a foolproof security framework, the possibility of data-breach becomes large and this in turn hampers the client goodwill about the BPO and subsequent loss of business opportunities. In this context two problems need to be addressed:(i) ensuring the proper distribution of documents from clients to agents at different levels of the BPO organization and back to the client after task completion, and (ii) having a secure Access Control Model (ACM) by which the documents propagating through different users are accessed only in authorized ways based on the privacy and confidentiality interests of the client.

In this talk, we focus on the second problem. Many ACMs have been proposed till date but they do not address this problem satisfactorily. We develop an access control model in the context of rural BPO. We show that our model achieves the confidentiality requirements of the clients who share their documents with the rural BPO for different tasks. Besides, our model enables the clients to specify their requirements more efficiently, hence improving usability of the overall system.

Spurred by sustained economic growth, rise in income levels, and increased availability of goods and services, India’s incremental energy demand for the next decade is projected to be among the highest in the world. This increasing energy demand also translates into higher demand for electricity. This calls for rapid development of the country’s power sector, taking into account, inter alia, considerations of long-term sustainability, environmental aspects and social concerns. India is endowed with rich hydropower potential; it ranks fifth in the world in terms of usable potential. However, less than 25% has been developed or taken up for development. Thus hydropower can be an economically and environmentally attractive option for meeting the growing energy needs of the country while moving toward the development of a low carbon economy. A judicial mix of hydropower in the energy portfolio can also contribute to energy security, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, meeting the peak demand and also increased flexibility in grid operation. Besides, projects in this sector may also be conceived as multi-purpose ones contributing not only to power but also to irrigation, flood control, navigation, etc. Hence, considering the large potential and the intrinsic characteristics of hydropower in promoting the country’s energy security and flexibility in system operation, there is an urgent need to accelerate hydropower development in India.

Hydropower is renewable, economic, non-polluting and environmentally benign source of energy. However, its sustainability is complex. It does not depend upon the performance of one responsible group (e. g. industry or government) but on the capacity, performance, interaction and collaboration of a range of key players each with different roles. Therefore interfacing multiple aspects of hydropower development such as core engineering issues comprising civil, electrical, mechanical, social and environmental aspects, institutional arrangements and basin wide planning is the subject of the assessment tool. As per the 12th Plan (year 2012-17), it has been envisaged to generate 82 GW of new capacity with 30 GW from hydropower only. To meet this challenge of generating such a huge quantum of hydropower during this period, we need to have long term vision encompassing not only project development but some degree of technology transfer and long term technical support wherever required. Further human capacity building is as important as technical capacity. New large scale projects should come hand in hand with effective operation and maintenance programmes, which can continue throughout the operating life of the plants.

This talk will focus on the requirement of clear vision for the policy, project conception, project planning, detailed engineering and operation and maintenance of hydropower projects with emphasis on cost and time effective development in this sector. Having a clear vision will definitely help in the sustainable development vis-à-vis the needs of the society in general and the nation at as a whole.

Learning from experience is a characteristic of intelligent entities, be it individuals or organizations. Human beings and human societies accrue knowledge derived from experience. In the social scenario knowledge sharing is done by means of story telling and fables. In a more organized setting like a manufacturing factory, software company or a BPO organization the need for knowledge management (KM) is felt because people are always moving in or leaving. We seek to provide computational support to enable the creation of organizational memories, accessible to its constituent members. Our approach is based on case based reasoning (CBR) which employs a methodology of storing experiences in the form of cases. We look at some projects that use the CBR approach in the Artificial Intelligence and Databases Lab at IIT Madras, and elsewhere.

Coordinated patterns of precisely timed spikes are experimentally observed in different neuronal systems, they correlate with external stimuli (events) and are thus considered key features of neural computation. Their dynamical origin, however, is unclear. To aid our understanding of structure-dynamics relations of spiking neural networks a method is presented to infer connectivity of a given network from its response dynamics to external driving signals. For a given driving condition, measuring how the collective state changes reveals information about how the units are inter-connected. We look at different networks, from simple to chaotic oscillators, and the challenges in applying this method to neuronal networks.

Biometrics refers to individual traits (physiological and behavioral) of humans which can be measured and analyzed for recognizing humans. Automatic Biometric Identification Systems (ABIS) provide a convenient framework for implementing biometrics-based human recognition. The ABIS are increasingly being deployed by both governments and private enterprises to cater to a wide variety of application areas, such as: Crime Investigation, Access Control, Securing Monetary Transactions, Management of Welfare Payments, and Immigration and Border Control, etc. In this talk, an overview of the underlying principles and technology will be presented. Some of the underlying algorithms for image processing and matching will be discussed. Key areas of focus of the current research and development efforts, and future trends in the industry will be also be addressed.

This perspective points out challenges that still remain in Information Retrieval. Experience with web-scale content personalisation and information retrieval is used to bring out the nature of the challenges.  We explore interesting directions of research on Faceted Search and Navigation for information seeking that combines search with browsing.  Complexity of Multimedia retrieval is then taken up in motivating the need for fundamental breakthroughs in pattern discovery.  Recent work on using neurological models of the human brain is used to bring out insights into pattern discovery and recognition, pointing to a research path.  Finally, we discuss recent trends and experience in scalable computing techniques that are useful in realising the above-mentioned research goals. Several interesting problems in the area of scalable computing are pointed out.

Microvascular blood rheology is a topic that, although vigorously studied for decades, is relatively poorly understood. Part of the reason for this is the non‐linearity of the cell‐ cell and cell‐conduit interactions and the difficulty in performing controlled, reproducible experiments. By marrying blood mechanics and microtechnology, Abhishek Jain is addressing these problems by studying whole blood flow in microfluidic channels, designed as analogs for in vivo networks. This allows designation of conduit sizes and geometries, and production of complex networks. The devices have led to the discovery that red and white blood cells can be forced to segregate in certain channel configurations. When blood enters a channel with diverging walls, the white blood cells, which are larger and nucleated, move out of the bulk flow toward the walls, similar to the behavior seen in postcapillary venules in vivo. Taking advantage of this observation, Abhishek has engineered biomimetic rare cell separation devices for sample preparation and analytical operations, including PCR or leukocrit. Another potential application of this technology, which has a significant clinical application, is the isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) of cancer patients. Applying the same mechanics, he is developing integrated devices that incorporate downstream capture of the CTCs using immobilized antibodies, and is also testing various biomimetic approaches that take advantage of the different surface adhesion strengths of cancer cells and leukocytes.

In each of the cities the European Union's 7th Research Framework Programme will be presented. In addition, one or more of the EU Member States research and innovation cooperation programmes and opportunities may be presented. A memory stick provided to all the participants will provide the presentations made in each city and additional information.

This talk will discuss the approach of multipath routing. The research project addresses the design and utilization of high-capacity data networks, with the goal of increasing throughput, network security, and reliability. These are issues of paramount importance in the current development of high-speed networks as a computation and communication infrastructure. Techniques from optimization and approximation algorithms are being applied for designing efficient algorithms that optimize throughput with latency, jitter, reliability, and costs constraints. Multi-paths also allow protection against attackers attempting to either eavesdrop or disrupt communications.

The talk proceeds from the fundamental everyday experiences of life that each one of us encounters and shows why it is difficult to approach the humanities with the method of the natural sciences. At the same time, the talk is an attempt to outline essential humanist concerns and to bridge the gap between experience (the key to the humanities) and problem-solving (the key to the sciences).

Now a days, many remote applications like search and rescue, patrol, plume tracking, mine detection, agriculture, etc., are performed using robotic vehicles that may consists of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs). A key necessity for these vehicles is autonomy - that defines the ability of the vehicle to adapt to the environment while ensure the desirability of the operator. Often, multiple vehicles are deployed to accomplish plans quickly and robustly. To maximize the performance of the multi robotic systems, coordination algorithms that allow vehicles to share information and make autonomous decisions are needed. Development of autonomous decision-making algorithms is simpler when the information is available and all the vehicles can communicate with each other. However, this becomes a difficult task when the environment is unknown, communication is limited, sensing capability of the vehicles is also limited and optimal decisions have to be made in real-time. In this talk, I will present design methodologies to coordinate between vehicles under such adverse conditions for three types of applications: (i) UAV task allocation (ii) UAV path planning and (iii) UAV-AUV ocean exploration. Finally, I will present some current challenges and future directions in this domain.

Integer Quantum Hall effect (IQHE) is one of the most fascinating quantum phenomena in condensed matter physics that occur on truly macroscopic scale in two dimensional electronic systems (2DES). A very unusual IQHE was discovered (2005) in one atomic thick sheet of carbon atoms called graphene. It provides an unambiguous evidence for the existence of Dirac fermions in such a system, as well as for an additional zero-energy Landau Level, in contrast to conventional 2DES [1]. Soon afterward in 2006, a new type of IQHE was reported in bilayer graphene, where the 2π Berry’s phase of charge carriers results in a conventional quantization sequence [2]. So far, three different types of IQHE have been experimentally reported in the conventional semiconducting heterostructures, graphene and bi-layer graphene. Making use of both Raman spectroscopy and high field magneto-transport, we report for the first time on a fourth type of IQHE in tri-layer graphene. The sequence of QH resistance plateaus is similar to the theoretically expected quantum hall plateaus (v= ±6, ±10, ±14…) for trilayer graphene [3]. The experimental data are supported by a theoretical analysis where both the Bernal and rhombohedral stacking order have been considered. We notice that a nice comparison between theoretical and experimental results is achieved only for the rhombohedral stacking order [4]. At very high magnetic field, the QH resistance tends to vanish as the system is driven close to charge neutrality point, similar to our previous investigation for graphene monolayer [5]. We show that the presence of charge puddles is necessary to explain this trend, which is further confirmed by analysing the zero-field temperature and carrier density dependence of the resistance.

References:
[1] K. S. Novoselov et al., Nature 438, 197 (2005).
[2] K. S. Novoselov et al., Nature (Physics) 2, 177 (2006).
[3] M. Ezawa, Physica E 40, 269 (2007).
[4] Amit Kumar et al. Nature (Physics) (2011) submitted.
[5] J. M. Poumirol et al., Phy. Rev. B (R) 82, 121401 (2010).

This talk aims to foreground the ways in which the 'oral tradition' has been transformed in the digital age and a different kind of orality has been created representing private individuals in the virtual world. This "oral tradition" which is predicated upon the bringing together of knowledge, memory and values has resulted in a new genre of literature or rather a "mixed genre literature" wherein the real life stories of the people are recorded forming a contemporary orality. The present study positions itself specifically in the endeavour taken up by a non-profit organization called StoryCorps whose "mission is to provide Americans of all backgrounds and beliefs with the opportunity to record, share, and preserve the stories of their lives." Further, this talk posits that as imperative as the study of the 'oral tradition' through the natural voice is, we must pay close attention to the innovative channels or vehicles which translate and re-create traditional ways through, visual/audiovisual, electronic, and digital forms. This process of digitalization of the oral word not only adds vigour to this mixed genre literature, but also makes it a more democratic medium by establishing a deeper interaction with the audience.

Biomolecular materials comprising of de novo designed amphiphilic 4-helix bundle peptides incorporating novel non-biological functional chromophores have been developed for charge separation and non-linear optical applications, based on bio-inspiration approach. Hierarchical organization of these nanoscale peptide-chromophore complexes into ordered 2-D and 3-D assemblies, by means of Langmuir-Schaefer and molecular self-assembly techniques ensures the conversion of their microscopic molecular properties into macroscopic material properties of the ensemble. Structural studies performed on monolayer ensembles of these complexes at air-water interface, using optical spectroscopy, grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXD) and x-ray reflectivity (XR), indicate that these amphiphilic peptides specifically bind and orient functional chromophores with extended conjugated metalloporphyrins. Binding specificity is achieved via axial histidyl ligation of the metalloporphyrin moiety in the chromophore, while vectorial orientation of the complexes derives from the strong amphiphilicity of the peptide bundle. Transfer of these monolayer ensembles on to solid substrates leads to the formation of hierarchical functional materials that have the potential for device applications. Sol-gel process is one of the primary methods for fabricating oxide nanomaterials, wherein metal alkoxides are predominantly used as precursors. Time-resolved in situ x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and Raman spectroscopic techniques were employed to study the key steps of sol-gel process in pure and chemically modified Hf, Ta and Ge alkoxides. The results reveal interesting mechanistic details on the hydrolysis and condensation behavior of alkoxides, thereby enabling better control of the process in the preparation of customized materials. Spinel structured ferrites form an interesting class of magnetic nanomaterials. XAFS studies performed on CuFe₂O₄ nanoparticles and SnO₂, CeO₂ or Ni_O containing CuFe₂O₄ nanocomposites reveal the local structure and cation distribution in these nanomaterials. These information are vital for the preparation of tailor made materials with tunable properties suitable for specific applications.

The talk proposes to discuss about the class equation of different types of groups. Applications of the class equation in the simplicity analysis of the groups and counting of normal subgroups of the group will be discussed in detail. In addition the different types of symmetries of a chemical compound, ammonia (NH₃ ) will be discussed.

References:
1. Topics In Algebra ByI.N.Herstein
2. Contemporary Abstract Algebra By Joseph A. Gallian
3. Basic Abstract Algebra By Phani B.Bhattacharya , Surinder K. Jain and S.R. Nagpaul
4. A First Course in Abstract AlgebraBy John B. Farleigh

Semidilute polymer solutions are complex systems, which show large density fluctuations due to competing intra and inter-chain interactions. Interestingly, experiments have established that semidilute solutions show anisotropic enhancement of density fluctuations and light scattering (butterfly patterns) under shear flow, contrary to perception. To find the origin of this behavior, we have simulated such a system using Brownian dynamics simulations. It was found that the comparable contributions to structure factor from intra- and interchain correlations in an equilibrium semidilute solution are entirely modified by the shear flow which results in the formation anisotropic density fluctuation. Finally to elucidate microscopic origin, we investigated the single-chain dynamics in the solution, showing the real-time molecular behavior of polymer chains under shear flow. The validity of this model is tested against standard two-fluid model of polymer solutions.

Role of information, communication and technologies in addressing developmental issues in Rural Areas. The presentation will primarily focus on Current healthcare and agricultural scenario in rural areas and its challenges, to see how technological innovations can bring about a change in strengthening the systems.

This presentation shows the application of a general model-based design framework for the simultaneous design of processes and products. Products in this case are referred to structured materials that assist the process by enhancing their performance. Conventionally, most process-product design problems employ an iterative, trial and error experiment-based procedure. Since experiments are usually expensive and time consuming, the search space for optimal design is limited. Applying computer-aided model-based framework has the potential to save time and expenses, and, widen the search domain for the design alternatives for the process and the products. The application for the model-based design framework has been illustrated through case studies involving membrane-based separation processes. In particular, membrane based gas separation have been illustrated in this presentation. The design framework is however general enough to be applicable to other chemical process and product design problems.

Over past forty years, finite element method (FEM) has been widely used to solve various problems in different areas of engineering and sciences. Despite its numerous advantages and unparalleled success, it is not well suited for certain classes of problems including crack propagation and moving discontinuities as it requires re-meshing for each increment of a crack to ensure that the element boundaries coincide with the moving discontinuities/crack. To cope with above problems, a class of new methods, known as meshfree, has been developed over the years. These methods were born with the objective of eliminating the difficulties associated with a mesh to construct the approximation. These methods do not require a mesh for the interpolation of a field variable as required by the FEM. In these methods, interpolants (strictly speaking approximants) are constructed solely on the basis of a set of scattered nodes, whereas in case of FEM, interpolants are constructed through elements. These methods have got few advantages over standard FEM. The first advantage is that it is possible to construct a higher order approximation without using elements. Secondly, the numerical integration can be performed on simple cells covering the computational domain so that the expensive meshing and re-meshing process can be avoided. These characteristics make them an ideal choice to simulate fracture mechanics problems.

A potential flow model is used to study the unsteady flow past two airfoils in configuration, each of which is suddenly set into motion. The airfoil bound vortices are modeled using lumped vortex elements and the wake behind the airfoil is modeled by discrete vortices. This consists of solving a steady state flow problem at each time-step where unsteadiness is incorporated through the “zero normal flow on a solid surface” boundary condition at every time instant. Additionally, along with the “zero normal flow on a solid surface” boundary condition Kelvin’s condition is used to compute the strength of the latest wake vortex shed from the trailing edge of the airfoil. Location of the wake vortices is updated at each time-step to get the wake shape at each time instant. Results are presented to show the effect of airfoil-airfoil interaction and airfoil-wake interaction on the aerodynamic characteristics of each airfoil.

In this seminar I would talk about the Linear Programming Problem, in particular the standard form of a LPP, Simplex Method and various conditions under which the method gives unique solution and non-unique solution. I would like to discuss the Two-Phase Method and its various cases also.

In this seminar we will discusss the existence and uniqueness of Solutions of Functional Differential Equations using two approaches. First one is Fixed Point Theorem Techniques and second one ε-approximation solutions method.

Keywords: Functional Differential Equations,Degree of Map, Fixed Points, ε-approximation , Banach Spaces, Lipschitz Condition.

The talk proposes to discuss feminism as an ideology as well as a discipline. In addition to evaluating the extant forms of feminism today, the talk intends to map the history of this movement and outline the important trends in its controversial, and at times, contradictory trajectories. The talk does not resort to ideological propagation, but tries to present an overview of feminist activism and research. The talk will use examples from around the world including films, literature and other arts and seeks to elicit responses on the same.

Films of polyaniline (PANI) and PANI/Au composites have been synthesized by spin coating technique. The Au nanoparticles of size 12-15 nm was synthesized by chloride salt of gold and hydrazine hydrate as reducing agent. The polyaniline was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline. The composite film were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) and the results were compared with polyaniline film. The thermal behavior was also observed which shows the greater stability of PANI/Au composite as compared to PANI. The conductivities of thin film also calculated. The composite shows the greater value of conductivity. The XRD pattern of the composite possesses a peak corresponding to the 25.60 which was not present in the Au powder. This may be attributed to the attachment of the polymer chain along this plane. The characteristic FTIR peaks of PANI were found to shift to higher wave number in PANI/Au composite. These observed effects have been attributed to interaction of Au nanoparticles with PANI molecular chain.

Heterogeneous catalysis plays a key role in the development of sustainable and efficient methods for production of energy and chemicals and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, designing suitable solid catalysts for waste-free chemical transformations still remains a challenge. In this talk, I will address the role of structural aspects of solid catalysts in determining the selectivity to desired products taking a few examples. First one is the direct propane ammoxidation to acrylonitrile, a top 50 chemical produced currently by propene ammoxidation. This represents the shift in technology from petroleum-based olefin feedstocks to environmentally friendly natural gas-based alkanes. The most promising catalysts for the direct propane ammoxidation are bulk Mo-V-M (M= Te, Nb, etc.) oxides. I will discuss our recent experimental studies of the nature of the active and selective surface sites present in this unique catalytic system, with particular reference to the basal planes. The second example deals with the solid-catalysed rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to ?-caprolactam (monomer of nylon-6). In this case, I will discuss the role of local structure of the supported phase in determining the selectivity towards the desired product, ?-caprolactam. Finally, I will briefly describe some of the future directions of my research.

Object reconstruction is a challenging problem at the forefront of computer vision. A rather less-explored problem is of reconstruction from linear cross sections. Two types of problems addressed in this research are reconstruction from an organised set of cross sections and reconstruction from arbitrarily placed cross sections. This talk will focus on a recently developed topologically motivated method for smooth reconstruction using concepts from the theory of homotopy continuation. The first problem is looked upon in the context of acoustic signals wherein the cross sections show a definite geometric arrangement. A reconstruction in this case can take advantage of the inherent arrangement. The problem of reconstruction from arbitrary cross sections is a generic problem and is also shown to be solved here using the mathematical tool of continuous deformations.

Large vocabulary speech recogntion has made impressive strides in the accuracy improvements over the past two decades owing much to the processing of the large speech datasets for training and a combination of several modeling techniques whose combined implementation has led to these improvements. Common examples are novel frontends (LDA), context dependent (triphone) modeling, tied-state HMM-GMM parameter estimation, maximum likelihood frequency warping of the features (VTLN), maximum likelihood linear regression (MLLR) and finally the discriminative training to further improve upon the ML acoustic models. Further, to be able to train the acoustic models on very large datasets, the above techniques have to be efficiently implemented with several levels of likelihood based pruning and have to be implemented in a map reduce framework so that training steps which are parallelizable could be run in parallel. Therefore it is not surprising to note that there are only about ten or fifteen such LVCSR software libraries in the speech research fraternity worldwide cutting across both the academia and industry. Some of the representative examples are IBM Watson's Attila, Univ of Cambridge HTK, Nuance, Google, Microsoft, CMU-Janus, RWTH-Aachen, SRI, BBN and others.

In this work we present similar large vocabulary acoustic modeling and LVCSR library (IrlTK) that has been developed from has the ground up at the IRL over the past 2 years. IrlTK is C++ based library and is closest to HTK in philosophy though much more compact and modular as it is written in C++. This library is now capable of training highly accurate acoustic models on massive datasets and has a large vocabulary recognizer which is powered by the acoustic models trained by the library. We then present LVCSR results on a very large spontaenous speech corpus -- the Switchboard corpus.

Green's Theorem is one of the most celebrated results in multi-variable calculus with a wide spectrum of applications extending to areas beyond mathematics. In this talk, we give an application of Green's Theorem to a problem in combinatorics, namely the isolation problem. In particular we show that isolating (a) minimum weight paths in directed planar graphs and (b) minimum weight perfect matchings in undirected bipartite planar graphs, can be done efficiently.

In this seminar I would like to discuss in detail, what is nanotechnology, different approaches in nanotechnology, how we can prepare different materials using nanotechnology, its applications to different fields and contributions to the mankind, modification of properties while going from bulk to the nano level, different characterization tools at the nano level.

Reference

• Guozhong Cao, Nanostructures and Nanomaterials, Imperial College Press, 2004.

The Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)-Gli signaling pathway regulates the patterning and cellular growth of embryos. Inappropriate activation of this pathway is implicated in diverse cancers. Inhibitors of smoothened (Smo), a transmembrane protein that promotes this pathway, have shown anticancer activity and in a recent clinical trial have proven to be effective. However, Smo inhibitors, rapidly acquired resistance by a point mutation of Smo. Also, Smo inhibitors have been shown to cause permanent defects in bone development in young mice, a mechanism based side effect due to inhibition of Indian Hedehog-Gli2 signaling which is responsible for bone development. A downstream transcription factor in Shh-Gli signaling pathway, Gli1, has been shown to be elevated in cancers with activated Shh pathway. I would report the design, synthesis and optimization of inhibitors of Gli1-mediated transcription. The first ever medicinal chemistry study for this class of anti-cancer agents was designed to avoid the mechanism based bone development side effects associated with the Smo inhibitors to discover compounds which can be tolerated by pediatric patients.

Structured nanomaterial synthesis using the bottom-up approach often involves the use of templates. The templates can be ‘hard’ (for example mesoporous silica, AAO etc.) and ‘soft’ (for example micelles formed by surfactant self assembly, polymers). Post-synthesis removal of hard templates is difficult to achieve whereas soft templates can be easily removed. Swollen liquid crystals (SLCs) are a class of lyotropic liquid crystals that are formed by a quaternary system of surfactant/co-surfactant/water/oil and can be used as templates for structured nanomaterial synthesis.1,2 The mesophases can be of cubic, hexagonal or lamellar structure. The hexagonal mesophases are composed of surfactant-stabilized oil-swollen tubes hexagonally packed in a continuous water domain and the diameter of these surfactants can be tuned over a decade from ~3-30 nm. The SLCs are stable over a wide range of pH and reaction conditions and thus they can be used as templates for nanostructure synthesis or even can be used as nanoreactors. We have used the SLCs for structured nanomaterials of metals such as platinum nanotubes with tunable diameter, palladium nanowires, ultra thin nanosheets of palladium etc.

References

• Pena dos Santos, E.; Tokumoto, M. S.; Surendran, G.; Remita, H.; Bourgaux, C.; Dieudonné, P.; Prouzet, E.; Ramos L. Langmuir 2005, 21, 4362.
• Surendran, G.; Pena dos Santos, E.; Tokumoto, M. S.; Remita, H.; Ramos, L.; Kooyman, P. J.; Santilly, C. S.; Bourgaux, C.; Dieudonné, P.; Prouzet, E. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 1505.
• P. F. Siril, H. Remita , P. Beunier, P. Archirel, A. Etcheberry and L. Ramos, Chem. Mater. 2009, 21 (21), pp 5170–5175

Schistosomes are human parasitic flatworms that constitute an important public health problem globally. The parasites live for years, sometimes decades, in what is putatively a very hostile environment – the blood of vertebrates – yet they seem to elicit little if any protective reaction from two of the host’s major defensive systems: the hemostatic system and the immune system. We hypothesize that this is because schistosome nucleotide metabolizing ecto-enzymes (NMEEs, alkaline phosphatase (SmAP), ecto-phosphodiesterase (SmPD) and ecto-ATP-diphosphohydrolase (SmATPdase)), among a small subset of proteins expressed on the parasite surface membranes, dampen host pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic purinergic signaling mechanisms. In this way, these surface enzymes attenuate the host’s ability to focus damaging thrombotic and immunological mediators in the parasite’s vicinity.

In this work, we show that the expression of all 3 NMEE genes is upregulated following vertebrate host invasion and that all are located in the tegument, by immunofluorescence and immuneEM. RNAi treatment targeting each NMEE gene results in potent suppression of gene expression, as determined by quantitative real-time PCR and by western analysis. The viability of suppressed versus control parasites is similar in culture but is significantly diminished in vivo. Finally, we show that, unlike parasites whose SmAP and SmPD genes are suppressed, parasites whose SmATPdase gene is suppressed are significantly impaired in their ability to catabolize the potent pro-inflammatory molecule, ATP. These data are consistent with the idea that some NMEEs provide an important immunomodulatory role for schistosomes within their hosts.

In an interesting experiment, Park et al. [1] reported a three-electrode transistor made using a single C₆₀ molecule. Experiment shows that the center of mass oscillations of C₆₀ trapped between the two electrodes can be excited by passage of current through the system. The experimental and theoretical work lead to the conclusion that the formation of negatively charged C₆₀ is necessary for passage of current through the system [1]. We have proposed a new mechanism that seems to explain the experimental result qualitatively [2].

References

• H. Park, J. Park, A. K. L. Lim, E. H. Anderson, A. P. Alivisatos and P. L. McEuen, Nature, 407, 57 (2000).
• A Chakraborty, K. Kumar, and K. L. Sebastian, Phys. Rev. B 68, 085411 (2003).

Creation and existence of self-organization or dynamic order has puzzled even pioneering scientists, because it “appears” to work against the Entropy Principle (EP). Known thermodynamic principles were conceptually analyzed for deducing nine statements based on the broken symmetry stated by EP and the Law of Maximum Entropy Production [1,2]. They serve as scale-invariant guiding principles determining creation, existence, and destruction of dynamic ordering. Negentropy is re-defined, based on which, scale-invariant physical principles for dynamic order existence (Negentropy Principle) and evolution (Principle of Maximum Negentropy Principle: PMNEP) in chaos were identified [3-5]. A universal model for dynamic ordering based on mass / energy exchange with the surroundings is introduced, which physically explains Schroedinger’s negentropy debt. The PMNEP encompasses the basic concepts in the evolution postulates by Darwin and de Vries. Perspectives of dynamic order evolution in literature point to the validity of PMNEP as the law of evolution. Thermodynamic basis is provided for the co-existence of superior and inferior forms of dynamic order in chaos.